Interactive Linear Algebra Lab

Lab 03 — Combining Ideas

Explore linear combinations as recipes, movement instructions, mixtures, column combinations, signals, images, and high-dimensional structures.

1. Linear combinations are recipes

A linear combination has the form

c₁v₁ + c₂v₂ + ⋯ + cₖvₖ

The vectors are ingredients. The coefficients are recipe amounts. Change the coefficients below and watch the result.

Think: What does a negative coefficient do? What does a coefficient between 0 and 1 do?

2. Movement interpretation

Use two movement directions. First walk along c₁v₁, then along c₂v₂. The final arrow is the linear combination.

Linear combinations are not only arithmetic. They are instructions for building a point from directions.

3. Span: everything the vectors can build

The span of two vectors is the set of all possible linear combinations. The canvas samples many coefficient pairs.

4. Can we build the target?

Given two building blocks in the plane, can we find coefficients that reach a target vector?

Choose a target

Column view

If A has columns v₁ and v₂, then Ac is a linear combination of the columns.

Ac = c₁v₁ + c₂v₂

Use the vectors from Section 1 as columns.

5. Convex combinations: mixtures

A convex combination of two points has form (1−t)u + tv with 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.

Think: Why do convex combinations stay between the ingredients?

6. Signals as combinations of waves

A sound-like signal can be created by combining simple waves.

7. Images as high-dimensional vectors

Each small image below is a grid of numbers. The blended image is a linear combination of image vectors.

The formula is α Image A + (1−α) Image B.

8. High-dimensional recipes

Generate random building blocks in a high-dimensional space. Even when the ambient dimension is large, using only k building blocks creates at most a k-dimensional span.

Key idea: The space where vectors live can be huge, but the span created by a few building blocks can be small.

9. Reflection

Write a short paragraph explaining the difference between a linear combination and a span.